Freedom in a Montessori Environment

Explain in your own words the following: A. FREEDOM IN A PREPARED ENVIRONMENT B. THE SENSITIVE PERIODS C. NORMALISATION D. ABSORBENT MIND A) FREEDOM IN A PREPARED ENVIRONMENT All over the world in constitutions of countries freedom is enshrined. This freedom applies not only to the adult but also to the child. For it is in freedom that a child reveals himself. Therefore a directress in a prepared environment must have the opportunity to observe the child in a free and open environment. Also the child’s inner guide must be allowed to direct the child’s growth.Thus a child will be aided to grow through independence and must be allowed growth through his inn guide. This is because a child uses his environment to grow. A child must therefore be aided in his development through activities that will encourage independence such as self-help skills like wearing shoes buttoning sweeping and other activities that will make him independent. All materials should be given the correc t sizes; materials should be kept orderly; furniture should be child sized. The child must be aided in developing his will by by ensuring coordination and ensuring activities are towards a given end.The child must be given constructive work. Maria Montessori has described a classroom as a room in which all children move about intelligently voluntarily and without being unruly or loud. It is important to note that in allowing freedom, any destructive acts of the child must be limited. All other good and useful manifestations must be observed by the directress. There are however limits to freedom within the prepared environment; they are: Respect for the environment: The child has freedom but must treat the environment with care and respect.He must be courteous and treat all with respect and care. Respect for Himself: It is not enough to treat other with courtesy; he must also respect himself and use the materials respectfully without destroying. Respect for Others: The child is free to carry out activities as long as he is not interfering on the rights of other children in the classroom. Progress at his own rate and development: Each child is allowed to develop at his own rate and pace. No competitions are allowed in the environment. The Montessori environment also allows freedom in many aspects.Freedom of movement as they are allowed to move around the classroom as well as outside the classroom. Thus a Montessori classroom is not divided within work periods. A child is also allowed freedom of choice to choose their own activities in the classroom as this enables concentration and helps develop good working habits. Freedom of speech is also allowed as children speak to each other and initiate activities as a team or individually. Because they are not forced; they naturally develop the tendency to help thy neighbour.Children are expected to observe the rules of basic courtesy; which involves not interrupting other people. Freedom to grow and to construct his own mental capabilities. All materials are with a focus to helping the child build his inner self. Freedom to love and be loved is important as a child must be loved exceptionally and respected for just being himself. An example of Deji a three and a half year old who accidentally defecates on his body. Immediately other children start complaining about the smell and proceed to laugh at the child. The teacher who was also horrified was disgusted and showed this to Deji.The child sat still ashamed of himself. A well trained directress should correct Deji and clean him up and also discourage other children from making fun of him. It is important that love is shown in such circumstances while correcting the boy lovingly. Thus if such an occurrence occurs in future other children will learn to assist and show loving support. Freedom from danger is also important as a child has a right to be protected away from danger. Freedom from competition and pressure is discouraged as a child is free from artificially induced competition reward and punishments.The inner motivation of the child stimulates him to work to the best of his ability and the satisfaction is the reward. He is thus allowed to grow at his own rate and development. In conclusion freedom allow a child grow by removing obstacles which can impede his normal development. The freeing of a child consists in removing as far as possible these obstacles that will deter true development in a child. Thus to objectively achieve these demands objectively a close attention must be on the part of the adult. (B) THE SENSTITIVE PERIODThe sensitive period is a delicate and transitory period helping the child with the purpose of formation. This urge helps him to focus his attention on certain aspects of his environment with such congruency that he excludes other things. As a result of the meeting of minds between this inner urge and this activities; the child completes it and feels excited and stronger. This inner urge can be likened to an intrinsic weaving of the thread of life. The importance of the sensitive period abound as they help in later years to assist in the development of concentration and intellectual powers.Sensitive periods in language have been identified; a child who without prior formal lessons, without conscious effort learns to pronounce the language he hears perfectly. It has been identified that the sensitive period for language has already begun in the child before he can walk and talk. By four months through the watchful eyes of a child he starts making vague sounds. As he progresses the baby will begin got make real sounds. This mysterious urge starts in the soul; its intensity lights up a flame and is turned outward as a light.Under this influence the sounds separate though the child cannot understand the language. As the child interacts more with the environment he listens voluntarily to the spoken language. It had been defined as divine command which the child imitates and do es not know why. A child who is starved of been exposed to the sensitivity of language can lead to having a difficult time learning the structure of his language. An example in Nigeria is where parents refuse their children to learn the local language and speak only english to the child.As the child grows older learning to communicate in their mother tongue becomes a challenge as the child cannot relate to others in his immediate environment. Amazing is also the sensitivity to Order as it reveals itself in the second year of life. The child at this stage displays a possesive passion in the order of things. For example Deji a 3 years old has a pack of balls bought for him in a basket by his mum. Family friends come to the house and one of the younger children removes the pack of balls from the basket. Deji starts screaming as he trys to put all balls back in the basket.He quietened down after he put back all the balls without any interfeence from the guest. It is very necessary for t he child to have order in his environment as he is constructing himself from the elements of the environment. A baby can be helped by an adult through following a general rhythm. Dont forget to add advantages Another sensitivity which occurs in the second year is the senstivity to small objects. Children are drawn to small objects alas miniature scientists. However the adult must be patient,observant and not shout when a child pick up objects.Freedom is also critical to enable a child explore their environment. The adverse effects of sensitivity to small objects will be lack of observational skills passiveness and lack of comparative judgement. Sensitivity to cordination of movement occurs from 21/2 years. This is the period A Child loves to explore the environment by jumping and running. They engage in activity that will cordinate their movement. Constuctive work that will promote good cordination of body movement eg pouring from one jug to another is important. The adverse effect will be lack of good cordination.Children between two to five love to play with their mates. They also want to do things adults and develop social skills. At this time they pick up manners and behaviours from adults. The advers effects are that children remain dependent passice and lonely. Sensitivity through learning through the five senses. Children take interest in sound shape texture. At this time the children are given activities which impress and stimulate the senses refinimg their functions. This period is important especially in adult life especially in some vocations C) NORMALISATION Normalisation has been described as the single most important result of a teachers work. This is when the teacher has helped the child to attain a normal developmental stage where they focus for long periods of time. At this stage they are satisfied and proud of their work. Normalization occurs during the first phase of development at ages 0-6 years. Peter is a three year old pupil and a new st udent at ABC School. Peter is unable to concentrate on a particular task and lacks interest in activities.After careful monitoring and patience by an adult in a prepared environment; Peter transforms and shows keen interest in activities. Children who are young or new to the prepared environment are said to be in the first stage of development. These children are not ready for the freedom and like peter in the example above are invited to work with a teacher keeping an eye on the child. These children increase their level of concentration and take pride in their accomplishment As the child progresses; the child experiences freedom and now have the confidence to move and complete activities.Children at this stage benefit from frequent and different presentations. The role of the teacher s to observe the child keenly to ensure they are receiving the assistance needed for the transformation. By the time Peter in our example above is five or six years, the child is able to focus on one activity; work in teams; teach younger children and work independently without disturbing the work of others. This journey has taken years for the child to become normalized and as such the teacher must patiently and without giving up enjoy the journey towards independence and normalization.In a growing child there is physical energy; especially the muscular energy of intelligence and will and also the mental energy of intelligence and will. These two streams work in unison to make a child complete. A normalized chid develops the following characteristics; a love for order in which a child expresses a love for the environment and a desire to preserve the environment. Also the love of work which in a prepared environment means any activity which the child becomes engrossed in and consumes his personality.A child grows to like work naturally and finds joy in completing his work. Another characteristic is profound spontaneous concentration which has been called attention to life or a w onder of growth. It is the Childs intelligence that is concentrating here and constructing itself through an exchange with its immediate environment. Following closely is an attachment to reality as a normalized Childs mind constructs itself through contact with the environment which is the foundation of the world as taken in by a child through the five senses and later is built on by reason and imagination.When a child works on this intelligence is thereafter raised to the order of intelligence. Obedience: A normalized child is obedient as the child grows through various works undergone and undergoes the development of will. Independence and initiative is what happens to a normalized child. Spontaneous self-discipline is also a feature of Montessori school children. This discipline enables the children to work for long periods in the absence of the directress. Joy also radiates on the children’s faces because they are deeply satisfied.

Books vs Computers Essay

Sep 4, 2007, 10:22am Today,computer is the most important invention since fire was invented. Most people use computer instead of book. According to school research,students choose computer to do their homework. Some people believe that books are more useful than computers. However, this research indicate that children and teenagers benefit from computer more than book. Therefore, schools should purchase computers rather than compiling a library because of two main reason:students can reach every information without spending waste time and they able to use computer when they do their homework. see more:replacements for you in an essay Recently,techonolgy has been developing. Therefore schools shoul obey modern world’s rule. They should prefer computer because firstly, today all documents and datas are written on computer especially internet. people share their countless source by using internet. In addition, books are read in the internet. all of this acknowledge shows tahat computers and internet are treasure for students. For example, when a student want to search his homework topic such as history of art or Atat? rk’s life. He can just read one book because of deadline. Homework he can access all information about his homework by using internet website include in articals pictures or short films. All of these are good reason to choose computer. Secondly,today bussiness life want employees who are aable to use computer because all companies, bussiness men use computer in order to connect with other companies. If children learn computer in early year, they can improve using computer skills from day to day. In the future all people will be controling their job from computer. Today most people know reading but how many people know using computer? To sum up, school has a big part of children’s lives. Therefore school managers should spend money to built computer lab. They should give a change to their students to save time and learn computer. If students spend less time for their homework by using computer, they can join after school activities such as playing basketball with peer. http://www. essayforum. com/writing-feedback-3/computer-book-other-essay-981/ Article 2 Join now! | Login| Support| Term Papers and Free Essays ————————————————- Top of Form Browse Essays| | | Bottom of Form Book Reports / Computers Taking Over Books Response To Anne ProluxComputers Taking Over Books Response To Anne ProluxThis essay Computers Taking Over Books Response To Anne Prolux is available for you on Essays24. com! Search Term Papers, College Essay Examples and Free Essays on Essays24. com – full papers database. Autor: anton 23 March 2011Tags: Computers, Taking, ResponseWords: 1027 | Pages: 5Views: 181Printable Version Essay: Computers Taking Over Books Response To Anne ProluxRead Full EssayJoin Now! Visal GallapaththiMs. GrayENG3U1March 7th 2008Flipping The ScreenHalf a century ago, people used books for everything related to education. In fact, the human ‚a„? sbest source of knowledge and education was the book. If you wanted to look up a recipe, you opened abook. If you wanted to learn how to fix the radio on your car you opened a book called the manual. Ifyou wanted to know Black beard ‚a„? s real name you will have to visit the library and go through hundredsof encyclopaedia pages before finding what you wanted. Now in the 21st century, all you need is acomputer with an Internet connection and the whole world is just a click away. Slowly the computer hasreplaced the book in almost every way. Computers are much better than books because a modern computer can hold a billiontimes more information than the average 500-page book. If you wanted to do research about MartinLuther King Jr. It would take you at least an hour just to find the right book. Where as using a computer,you can find the same information in less than 5 minutes. Many people use the internet as a dictionary. finding definitions, this way only takes the time to type the word. A laptop computer equal to the sizeand weight of a book holds data about any topic you can think of. A book only covers a specific topic. Acomputer can hold much more types of data than a book. When you carry one computer, you arecarrying a hundred thousand books. In her essay, Proulx mentions an airplane is the best place to read a book and asks, ‚NsWhat areplanes but giant flying reading rooms ‚N? Many people use their laptops or the on board entertainmentsystem on a plane rather than reading a book. But, from my experience all I seen on planes is peoplesleeping, people watching movies and people working on their computers. I have only seen one personreading a book- a 90-year-old who probably doesn‚a„? t know what computers are. Proulx also says we canjudge what the person is like and their interests by looking at their books. We can only judge a personVisal G- page 2up to some extent when we look at their books. If we look at their software and files, we can see whatthey are interested in, and what kind of job they are doing, you can even know the type of music theperson listens to. In her essay, Anne Proulx says, ‚NsNo one is going to read a novel on a twitchy little screen ‚N?. If thisis true, why are there millions of e-book sales? According Latest Wholesale eBook Sales Figures Releasedby Andrew Savikas, last year, the e-book market increased by 150%. E-books work the same way asbooks. The only difference is you read an e-book on a computer. E-books are a lot cheaper than thetraditional books and they help save the environment by minimizing the use of paper. E-books are alsoan excellent source for new writers. If you have written, a novel and you are not sure if you want toinvest a lot of money into publication, you can upload your book onto specific book sites and see readerfeedback through comments and email. Many people think it is not good for one ‚a„? s eyes to stare at thecomputer screen for a long time, to solve this problem a new type of glasses called the e-glasses (alsocalled computer glasses). Many people are switching to e-books because there is no delivery time whenyou order it through the internet, you can read a book seconds after it is released! Proulx ‚a„? s statementsabout people, not reading books through the computer are absolutely incorrect. In summary, the computer has replaced the book in many ways. Many people believe readingfrom the computer is not the same as holding the book and reading it, These people probably nevertried reading e-books. If you have a laptop computer, you can read from it the same way you can readfrom the book. If you are going on your next vacation, I recommend loading your laptop with some e-books because its way lighter to carry books this way than to add more weight to your already over theairline limit luggage. Visal G ‚aâ‚ ¬? page 3CitedLatest Wholesale eBook Sales Figures Released by Andrew Savikas.? ’A © 2008, O’Reilly Media, Inc ————————————————- Get Better Grades TodayJoin Essays24. com and get instant access to over 60,000+ Papers and Essays| Similar Essays * The Invincible And The Taking Over Of Technology * Sponge Bob Square Pant Is Taking Over * General Electric Taking Over Jenbacher * Teachers Taking Responsibility * Fdr’S Response To The Great Depression * History Of Computers * Buying A Computer * Technological Progress In Computer Industry * How Computer Viruses Work * Apple Computers * Who Is Responsible For The Columbine Killings? * Computer Engineering * Computers * Ae Response To Alcoholism | Donate paper | Join now! | Login | Privacy Policy | Refund Policy | Cancel account | Support  © 2010 — 2012 Essays24. com

4 Anthropological Concepts Applied

Anthropologists believe that we learn to interact by picking up cultural codes of conduct starting from infancy; hence human behavior isn’t biologically acquired, but shaped by a guider. For example, in the documentary â€Å"Acting like a thief† by Kerim Friedman and Shashwati Talukdar,the â€Å"Chharas† were brought up in a nomadic lifestyle,where stealing was the norm. Dakxin’s grandmother admits that â€Å"people saw them as artists as well as thieves†. In 1871, they were labeled as a â€Å"criminal tribe† and were sent to prison camps by the British. Here the government kept strict checks on them, to the extent of following the women to the bathrooms, while men were forced to work or were beaten up. The social stigma that developed as a result of the people being labeled â€Å"born criminals† was internalized by their own grandparents, and the children let it define who they were as they grew up. This is evident by the response of one of the children, Vivek after he saw his mother getting beaten up on a street because she was caught in a burglary was that, â€Å"I don’t have a problem saying that my mother used to be a thief. Since I live in a society of born criminals, so of course I am a son of a thief, not a government official. † The idea that the guider shapes the identity of the community is also exemplified by the fact that even if the children wanted to get rid of the criminal stigma attached to them, it wasn’t an option. They weren’t given the opportunity to get jobs and hence had to resort to the illegal brewing of liquor as their only source of income. As is evident in this documentary, we can see that the behaviors and culture of a person is influenced by the culture of the society or group that he was born in. The concept of racism developed in the 19th century when colonialism was at its height and anthropologists tried to understand the many diverse people they encountered. They tried to evaluate the differences, classifying the world according to biological aspects like skin colorant important part of the social practices of racism is Ethnocentrism, which is the â€Å"belief that the moral standards,manners,attitudes and so forth of ones own culture are superior to those of other cultures† (Bailey,Garrik and James 15). This helped people justify the systematic violence and oppression on people of one society by another on the basis of factors like ethnicity and caste. At that time, on top of the framework of evolution was the western European civilization. The British believed themselves to be the pinnacle of evolution, the most culturally, physically and socially evolved (Bailey, Garrik and James 68). This thought process was a big part in the colonial apparatus and was also one of the reasons the British were able to label the people of chhranagar as â€Å"Born criminals. This label attached the stigma of a criminal community to the Chharas even after they got de-notified after India gained independence. Therfore, it allowed the police to get the power that they had accumulated and abused. According to Kalpana, â€Å"the police used to take the women back to the station after bail, tie them to a tree, beat them and give them electric shocks. †Innocent people were forced to admit to crimes , and if they refused they were beaten to death-as in the case of Buddhan. The injustice of such acts was apparent but so was the fact that â€Å"the police could do anything they want to. According to Dakxin, even the proof of a man’s innocence was rendered â€Å"useless. † Based on their ideas of being morally and culturally superior, the police had taken away the Chharas basic rights to freedom of speech and expression. â€Å"Rites of passage are a specialized set of rituals associated with the life cycle of individuals; the culturally defined age categories through which a person passes between birth and death. It is a public ceremony or ritual that marks a change in social status, usually brought about or related to increasing age† (Bailey, Garrik and James 201). People from various religions have different kinds of rituals with varying meanings attached to them. In Hinduism, an important event in the life cycle is marked by invoking the presence of the warrior goddess; Durga. This ritual is called a Jagrata. In Cat Viberts documentary, â€Å"a Rajasthani Jagrata, we see how Rathore takes his first born child to the â€Å"village of his heritage† for a ceremonial head shaving on his second birthday. Vibert described her experience of the ritual at the temple, â€Å"mediums gathered around a drum and began collectively chanting. A man stood up and began to lurch and yell. After sometime his eyes rolled back into his head, he ran into the temple and rang the bell. He was being possessed by the Goddess and the embodied deity sealed herself in the temple and the villagers went in one by one to ask her questions. † Besides the ritual, there is a lot of singing and dancing and the hair cutting ceremony to welcome the child in the family as he turns two. Gender Classification is one example of cultural knowledge. Cultural Knowledge involves shared knowledge about how we behave in ways that are meaningful and acceptable. It guides behavior such that the people can survive, reproduce and transmit their culture. † Every individual has a different social identity and expectations attached to them. Women typically are expected to stay in their homes and fulfill their domestic duties, whereas men take care of the responsibilities outside the house. During the whole trip that Vibert took for the ceremony, we saw the responsibility of the women to overlook the children, make the chapattis and do the domestic chores. Even during the ritual, the women were seated at the back whereas the men stayed in front. Moreover, the fact that the barber performing the ritual was a man and that the goddess possessed a man, shows how men had a more elevated stand in society. An anthropologist views different societies from an insider’s perspective and tries to understand human nature and behavior. Through their ethnographies and documentaries, they give people a voice to express their point of view and rid themselves of generalizations that put them at a disadvantage.

Assignment 1-5-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 1-5-2 - Essay Example Though this is very unusual in a business, we have to respect the prevailing culture and we cannot impose our own set of cultural background. Such, this research will describe the differentiation of national cultures using metaphors of cultural artifacts specific to seventeen different countries. This will also attempt to answer the question of how cultural dimensions can manifest themselves with concrete examples of traditions. 1. Christianson, Gale E. Greenhouse: Theoretical and Practical Considerations for Virtual Learning Environments in Technical Communication . New York: Walker & Company, 1999 This journal research helps technical communicators explore the potential of virtual-learning environments to simulate what will happen in the future. This research will also help to understand how we can put all the knowledge we learned to understand on how to achieve a high sales figure. In addition, we will also be able to determine the driving forces of the above question that is econ omical, both politically and socially, with the usage of science and technology that is not harmful to the environment. Also it provides a structured overview of approaches on how to conceptualize, design, develop, and evaluate virtual-learning environment. ? 3. Bate, Barbara, and Judy Bowker. Organizational and Intercultural Communication.

Thiory and idiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thiory and idiology - Essay Example This paper will critically examine the specific changes that Anarchism and Marxism advocate for and in addition to this, the paper will also will also seek to contrast and compare what the resulting society might look like with respect to the application of the socio-economic and political characteristics that are advocated for by the Anarchism and Marxism. Marx argued that capitalism was essentially the most progressive economic system to have ever been developed and that it was an essential stage in the development of socialism. He is also noted to have attributed most of the ills that are prevalent in the contemporary society as having been brought about by capitalism1. According to Marx, capitalism had led to the development of an economic production mode that allows for the poor individuals to continue being poorer while the richer keep on getting even richer. He also believed that the profits of capitalism are taken from the amount that happens to be produced over and above the actual wage that is paid to the customer. In his book, Sargent point out that Marx was of the belief that the state was the tool that the dominant bourgeoisie class used in the suppression of any attempts by proletariat class to better themselves2. He also contended that as long as the bourgeoisie remained as the dominant class in society, the government w ould constantly remain as its tool and as such it could never be made responsive to the innate needs of other classes. Marx’s ultimate goal of full communism advocated for the development of a situation where there would be no state in a similar development to that promoted by anarchists3. Although its initial roots are traced back to classical Greece, of note is that anarchism emerged as a major modern ideology at about the same time as Marxism. The term anarchy is primarily used to denote a situation where there is no ruler or chief. Anarchists believe that classes

Was Afghanistan Invasion of 1979 and Occasion and not the Cause of the Essay

Was Afghanistan Invasion of 1979 and Occasion and not the Cause of the End of Detente - Essay Example Among these treaties and agreements were the SALT 1, SALT II and the Helsinki Agreement which committed both countries to stop the production of missiles and nuclear weapons4. In 1979, Soviet invaded Afghanistan and this led to the total breakdown of the detente5. However, I consider that Afghanistan invasion as an occasion but not the ultimate cause to the end of detente. This is informed by an evaluation of the causes of Afghanistan invasion and the relations between the two superpowers preceding the invasion. Causes of Afghanistan Invasion In 1779 After the end of the Second World War, United States and Soviet Union were engrossed in arms race. Consequently, the two nations decided to come to start negotiations to limit the number of missiles and nuclear weapons that they could keep. These negotiations were held in two phases; SALT I which ran from 1969 to 1972 which culminated with the signing of Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty6. This was followed by SALT II which began in 1972 but was never ratified by the US Senate7. United States hoped that through detente, they would have a smooth exit from the Vietnam War8. United States History explains that the two countries viewed detente differently where United States expected that Soviet Union had agreed to a worldwide standoff9. On the other hand, Soviets saw it as their obligation to support revolutions in any part of the world where they considered that there was oppression10. According to United States History, these varying interpretations strained the relationship and detente broke down with Afghanistan invasion in 197911. Some people felt that the attack was an unprovoked invasion of a sovereign nation12. Guide to Russia.com describes that Berlin, Hungary, Cuba and Korea had adopted communism and Afghanistan was seen to following the way13. In December 1979, Soviets paratroopers landed in the capital city; Kabul. The country was already in tension following the prime ministers attempt to introduce western po licies and do away with the Muslim belief14. This had therefore infuriated majority of the Afghanistan since they had a strong Muslim tradition. Consequently, many Muslim leaders had been arrested while others had fled Kabul15. Furthermore, the communist government was also opposed to religion. Consequently, thousands of Muslims in Afghanistan joined a guerrilla force known as Mujahedeen which declared jihad war on all the supporter of the prime minister16. They wanted to overthrow the government. The Soviets came in to support the government of the Afghan but on 27th December, 1979; they shot dead the then prime minister Amin and replaced him with Babrak Kamal17. However, the position of the new leader entirely depended on the support of Russians. The war started but the Russian army could not march the power of the Mujahedeen since they had the knowledge of the terrain and were committed to the jihad war18. United Nations was opposed to the invasion and had called for Russian with drawal from Afghanistan in January of 1980 although the motion was vetoed by Russia. Following the invasion, America introduced a ban on export of grains to Russia, stopped further SALT talks and refused to participate in the Moscow Olympic Games that were due to be held in 198019. America did not intervene in the war since they viewed this as a chance to get intelligence on the Russian weapons in addition to the fact that

Impacts of technology to US children Research Paper

Impacts of technology to US children - Research Paper Example Computer games that came as a result of technology have helped improve children’s skills of abstract thinking, reflective thinking as well as evaluating information. Also, it has helped increase communication between the young ones and the health practitioners. The use of technology enables an individual to perceive images at a higher speed. Besides, an individual can watch videos that makes one feel the actual reality of the picture. Basing on various studies, kids who have been using technology for some time are viewed to have an increase in visual reasoning skills. The technology helps children to understand the operations of various apps that are employed in operating the technology. With these skills, the child will be able to coordinate various activities at the same time. Furthermore, it has given the children the ability to identify facial emotions expressions by the use of computers. As a result, technology has helped improve the literacy rate among the children. Tech nology can only be of good help to children if they are guided on what and what not to operate with their smartphones as well as the computers. Therefore, enabling young ones to poses cell phones fulfills this functionality for connectivity. The development of technology has made children ease the concerns that come along with childhood connectivity. Therefore, technology is considered an important factor in the current US generation because it is helping parents keep track of their children.

How to avoid making email a career-ending Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to avoid making email a career-ending - Essay Example In that apology email to the boss, ensure that she (the boss) does not ignore the email (as she probably receives dozens of emails daily and especially in the morning). In order to ensure this, the subject of the email should indicate it’s an apology and should be in capital letters so that it easily attracts attention thereby reducing the chances of it being ignored (Schwalbe and Shipley, 2008). Having decided to send the email, ensure that the emotions and tone are indicated in the email for sincerity purposes, identify yourself and explain how sorry you are for sending such an email, show respect to the authority by using formal language and keep the message focused. After drafting the email, proofread it (even if it is loudly) to ensure you have passed your sincere apologies and then check the email address again and sending options to ensure the previous sending mistake of a private message to the public is not repeated the send it (Jerz and Bauer, 2011). In order to ensure you do not end your career, offer to schedule an appointment with her to apologize in person. Barry D. (May 6, 2007). â€Å"You’ve Got Trouble.† The New York Times. Retrieved from:

The New Modern Architecure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The New Modern Architecure - Essay Example Peter Eisenman is an American architect who contributed highly to modernism in architecture. Thus, this paper will examine how Eisenman’s work has influenced the modernism movement in architect not only in the form of the design but also through the graphic representation, which is demonstrated by OMA current work in Point city/South City, Netherlands, 1993.† Peter Eisenman was commonly regarded as a theorist and teacher, but currently he is often called a deconstructionist due to his ability to swirl the controversy with buildings that seem disconnected from their environment, as well as their historical context. For this reason, he highly influenced modernism in architecture. His first public building was the Wexner Center for the Arts in Ohio, which he designed along with Richard Trott. His designs, as well as writings, represent an attempt to liberate from meaning while shunning external references. In addition, Eisenman’s house designs were meant to be theore tical experiments, which existed in abstraction and developed them without any influence from clients, or any concern for their use; Thus, Eisenman’s modern architectural work was based on the conceptual procedure through which the architecture was produced (Eisenman 54). Eisenman has large-scale housing, innovative facilities for educational establishments, urban design projects and several inventive private houses. Some of his current projects include a large condominium housing block in Italy, and a 6-building City of Culture of Galacia found in Santiago de Compostela (Eisenman 54). Most of Eisenman’s buildings are based on shifted grids that collide with one another; for example, the Wexner Center, which was built in 1983 to 1989. This is a form of modern architectural design because traditional buildings were based on single grids in which all walls were perpendicular and parallel to each other. Therefore, basing the walls of rooms on different grids that are not parallel to one another, Eisenman is able to perplex people who use the building expecting a traditional look. Eisenman broke up the traditional forms of architecture in the Wexner Center building into fragments, which mock the traditional solid feel of the old building. Also, the famous column of the building, which hangs from the ceiling, does not reach the ground, which also mocks the traditional design of how a column should appear (Chou 121). This is an illustration of Wexner Center building (1983-1989) designed by Eisenman (Siegel 1). It is an excellent example of how Eisenman influenced modernism in architecture by breaking down the traditional forms of architecture and incorporating modernist elements. Another example of how Eisenman has influenced modernism movement in architecture can be seen in the point city-south city project, Netherlands. This project is an example of how the OMA used technics similar to Eisenman’s in the representation matter, when it diagramme d, collected data and information and incorporated them in the design process. The ancient themes that were never used before have now become the most widely used formulas used to guide the development of Netherlands. According to Garcia (172), the OMA diagram is enigmatic and paradoxical and is characterized by a series of ironic hybrids of juxtaposed and quixotic contradictory concepts, as well as

The Parable of the Good Samaritan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Parable of the Good Samaritan - Essay Example The man of law asks for an interpretation of the law. What is said by Jesus is told in the form of a story, which is known as the Parable of the Good Samaritan. The parable is not an explicit answer, but is an answer that provides the story in such a manner as to provoke thought and further conversation. This story is an essential form of teaching where the teacher poses the situation and the student draws from it the lesson. The story that Jesus tells is that of a man who is robbed and those who see his plight and their reactions. The first is a priest who walks to the other side of the road in order to avoid him. The second is a Levite who also walked to the opposite side of the road to stay uninvolved. The third is a Samaritan who provides the man with help. The Samaritan goes beyond simple help, giving him a ride to a village and asking an innkeeper to look after the robbed man until he is in health. During the process of providing health, the Samaritan bandaged his wounds, used oil and wine on him to help heal him, and let him ride on his donkey. He offers to pay the innkeeper for his service and any extra service that the robbed man may need. The question that Jesus, as the Great Teacher, poses to those hearing him is â€Å"Which of these three do you think was a neighbor to the man who fell into the hands of the robbers?† (Luke:36). The lesson is taught through an example, but without providing the answer to those he is teaching. He expects that through His example, they will find the answer of their own accord. The location of the parable is identified by Hughes and Laney (2001) as the Jordan Valley which is a bit north of the Dead Sea. This route which runs through Wadi Qilt is filled with rocks and rugged terrain where robbers could ambush travelers. There is no specific time given for this story, and it is just as likely that it is a story of example rather than a related story from history. The location makes it likely that the three traveler s who passed by the robbed man might be there, but allows for the significance of the Samaritan to shine through. The location is significant as it is a man traveling from Jerusalem to Jericho, which indicates that he is traveling from morality into lands of less. Hultgren (2004) relates the belief of Augustine who suggested that this descent represented man’s descent from what was holy and immortal to that which was not and was decidedly mortal. The road is a literal descent as it starts at Jerusalem which is at 2700 feet above sea level but ends at Jericho which resides at 850 feet below sea level. Interpretation Chapter ten of Luke begins by describing a mission that is given to seventy-two of Jesus’ followers. He sends them out to gather more believers through their various acts in His name. He expects an exchange from those the followers encounter. If they are welcomed, then they give the gifts that He has given them the power to give, but if they are rejected the y are to make clear that they have rejected men of God who are on His mission. He says to them â€Å"Whoever listens to you listens to me; whoever rejects you rejects me; but whoever rejects me rejects him who sent me† (Luke 10:16). In this case, when he gets to relating the parable, it can be said that he is relating the robbed man to his followers and those who accept them as neighbors as they are then given remedies

Culture and Care Value Base Essay Example for Free

Culture and Care Value Base Essay In this assignment I am going to examine and explain my own personal values and principles influence my own work in professional practice. I will compare my principles and values with the Northern Ireland Social Care Council codes of practice and the Care Value Base. The NISCC and the Care Value Base have many similar codes of practice which all health and social care practitioners should adhere by and work with. The values I feel that are relevant within my experience of healthcare and within my current placement are confidentiality, dignity and respect, effective communication, anti-discriminatory practice and culture and beliefs. In researching NISCC codes of practice and the Care Value Base, I have found that their values are also similar to my own values within my care practice. The first value I am going to discuss is confidentiality. According to the Care Value Base maintaining confidentiality of information is an important part of caring. Any information clients give is private and confidential. Individuals need to be aware of what they say to other carers and clients and also who have access to client files. Previously undergoing work experience in the stroke ward I found that all patients’ medical information is on a clipboard on the front of their bed, anyone could read this information, I feel the patient’s confidentiality is  being breached. During my work placement at Ceara School, I observed that each pupil has individual care folders within school; these are kept in a secure filling cabinet and only the members of staff who are looking after a particular pupil is allowed access, I feel this is very good practice to uphold confidentiality. Within my placement I feel my values would be similar to the Care Value base, if a service user informed me of private information I would keep it to myself to build trust and confidence unless the individual or others were at harm. The second value that I feel is most important and relevant to my experience and work placement is effective communication. According to NISCC, one of their codes of practice is to communication in an appropriate, open, accurate and straightforward way. Within my work placement you have to have recognition and respect of the pupil’s opinions and ideas so they gain confidence within you and be more comfortable to talk. You also have to talk respectfully and use a lot of humor and creativity to keep them interested. On a regular basis there are group conversations and also one to one conversations, simple language is used that is easily understood and additionally open questions are applied to develop the conversation. With having previous work experience in Craigavon Area Hospital I have learnt the importance of communication. Many doctors used jargonistic terms, which can be very hard for patients to understand, I consider this to be ineffective communication. I feel my values are comparable to those of the Northern Ireland Social Care Council. I think that my value of communication within my work placement will come across positively. While in placement I make the speaker feel heard and understood, I make sure to create an environment where pupils feel safe to express ideas opinions and feelings. I keep suitable eye contact and show interest in what is being said and sure my posture is open and inviting. The Care Value Base deems that it is important to acknowledge an individuals personal beliefs and identity. The NISCC feel that respective diversity and different cultures and values are very significant and can have extensive affects on a persons care. I went to an integrated secondary school with many cultures and religions. I took part in a multi-cultural day in school, I got to see other communities and cultures and what they believed in, this widened my views and changed my opinions of different religions. While in Craigavon Area Hospital completing work experience I learned that meals and meal times were very important in some religions and culture. Some individuals were vegetarian; I had to be very respectable of their culture and identity. They were supplied with a different menu with different foods that they could choose this promotes the right of choice and independence. Before my work placement commenced I hoped that the employees and pupils had the same value as myself in consideration of different cultures and are open to express their beliefs and identity and be proud of who they are. My next value is extremely important in my care practice and that is upheld by NISCC and the Care Value Base is anti-discriminatory practice. Anti-discriminatory practice is action to prevent discrimination against people on the grounds of race, class, gender and disability. Anti-discriminatory practice promotes equality by introducing anti-discriminatory policies in different situations of work. http://uk.ask.com/question/what-is-the-definition-of-anti-discriminatory-practice The Care Value Base describes one of their values by promoting anti-discriminatory practice and to protect the individual from abuse. There are many pieces of legislation that are in place to protect individuals from discrimination including the Disability Act 1995, Human Rights Act,  Equality Act 2010 and the Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995. In my work placement I will work in an anti-discriminatory way, I will not discriminate or judge the service users on their gender, race, class or disability. I believe everyone is different and we all have rights set in place to prevent us from being discriminated against. While undertaking work experience in Craigavon Area Hospital, disabled individuals were protected from discriminatory practice, there were lifts and ramps so all wheel chairs could access the building. There were wide and automatic doors so wheel chairs could get through them with no difficulty, although I feel this is very good practice there was also bad practice within the hospital. I consider individuals with different religions and languages were discriminated against. There were no interpreters for different languages therefore the patients didn’t know what had happened or what was about to happen. I feel my values hinder those of the Care Value Base and I imagine my values will come across positively within my work placement. I feel my personal culture and experience has influenced me in many different ways in supporting users of services and others in health and social care settings. My parents have taught me from a young age to say please and thank you and to be respectful to others. I have grown up knowing these simple values and therefore it has influenced me to show dignity and respect to all service users. Although I am of a Catholic background and practice the Catholic faith, I went to an integrated primary school and secondary school with many different religions and cultures. I now have an understanding of other cultures within health and socials care settings and I am able to accept other religions and their beliefs. I believe this have had a positive influence on my personal culture and experience. When I was in primary school, I met my best friend, he was homosexual. My parents were quite weary of this as they didn’t like the way he dressed and  acted. They came to the terms of his sexual orientation and accepted him; because I have had the privilege of meeting him it has allowed me to open my eyes to all sexual ordinations. When working and supporting users of health and social care service I wouldn’t mind what sexual ordination the service user was, I would not discriminate against them. I would promote and uphold my values to protect them from harm. From experience I know many people have been discriminated on because of their gender. Some individuals will not be chosen for a particular job because they are male/female. Service users are also judged on their sexual ordinations, recently in the news according to Poots, Northern Irelands Health Minister he said that all gay men are not allowed to give blood. I feel this sexual ordination is being discriminated against, it is very bad practice and defeats the purpose of legislation created to protect individuals from this happening. I will promote and uphold my values to protect individuals from being discriminated against. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-15014823 I think a pedophile and a murder would cause a barrier in the care setting I am working in. I have grown up knowing that they are bad from family, friends and the media. This may affect and hinder my work but as I am now aware of this negative point I need to work on this barrier. I can not make an assumption until I work and understand them, until then, I will try not to judge this group. New developments and changes to personal values can have a major impact on working in the Health and Social Care sector. Firstly a new development of mine is starting a new course; I have met new people and got to know them. Working in different practices can impact work in a care setting, partnership can be developed and new skills can be gained. I have started a new placement in Ceara School, I am very excited to see if it is the right area of health and social care I want to do further studying in. I feel this experience can be very education and rewarding. This experience will help me in my future and will give me a good start. I can now see that it is the first time I have looking at my values thoroughly and reflected on them, I  will challenge my values to become a better professional. I feel guest speakers were a new development of mine, they give me an insight into their organisation, and they also give me information on how I could get work experience. New developments and changes to my personal values can benefit the service user. I could reflect more in action rather than later, use communication more effectively and user my initiative in different situations. To conclude I believe that personal values is very significant in influencing my own work in the health and social care sector. I have found that my values are similar to the values of the Care Value Base and the Northern Ireland Social Care Council. I have found that there is legislation to protect individuals from unconfidentiality and anti-discriminatory practice also to promote dignity and respect, effective communication and culture and beliefs. I have also explored my new developments and what changes I could make to my personal values to create more effective and efficient care.

Special Education Essay Example for Free

Special Education Essay To effectively talk about the effect of ID’s in the classroom I thought who better to talk to than a teacher that has a classroom full of ID students. Ms. Tornetta Clark, she is an Intervention Specialist in a SED room for grades 1-4 depending upon age. We began our conversation with what lead her to become an Intervention Specialist? Ms. Clark stated that she had always wanted to be a teacher even as a child, so when she went to college she decided to become a teacher she started as an elementary teacher and later decided to get into special education. As time went on she learned that she enjoyed these children even more than the others, it was more gratifying. So now that we have broken the ice so to speak can you tell me what some of the problems associated with assessing the children with ID may be? Tornetta asked me which group of children would I like to discuss, the culturally diverse, gender specific, the psychological these are all type of ID children and different types of assessments, so where would you like to begin? I thought that it would be best for her to tell me about the most difficult one and she choose culturally diverse students. Ms. Clark states that when dealing with the minorities there are additional layers of complexity to consider especially if the child is of another ethnicity than the person that is doing the assessment. Ms. Clark also states that she prefers to do the majority of her assessments on her own simply because she has been doing this for a long time and that she has worked with several different ethnicities. Having worked with the different ethnicities I have the upper hand and a child can feel when they are understood or when someone is placating them. In my many years of teaching I have also realized that children can feel when someone really understands them and cares. In my classroom we start the morning off by saying good morning to everyone by name and then we each can stay one thing that happened last night or over  the weekend or just something that they may want to share each child gets two minutes and we have a timer to ensure everyone get quality time. This is also something that works well on their social skills. Now as far as the assessment on the psychological side most of these test and assessments are done in the clinic or with the therapist, now there have been an occasion or two where I have sat in and I have even administered the assessment. However the same problems still exist these test need to be tailored to each child and they are not they are standard which in my opinion is ridiculous each child is different so each child should be tested differently. Now I asked about gender specific testing but I have only ran across that twice in my many years of teaching, however it does exist and as educators we need to be able to deal with it and continue to tech and maintain our classes. There are or at least it used to be several teachers that were homophobic and thought that school is no place for a child’s sexual preference to come out or even to be discussed. Now in the schools we see it everyday boys holding hands with other boys and girls doing the same so therefore it has to be addressed, it cannot be slid under the carpet anymore. This is something that as educators we also need to be able to deal with especially in our SED classes, these child need more open discussions so that they do feel that they are being included. Our children have a tendency to get picked on and then they end up feeling as if no one understands them and they begin to contemplate suicide, as educators it is our job to do our best to deter those types of feelings and to encourage a child to be true to who they think they are and to not judge others for being different. We attempted to get back to the interview with on last question and that was, what are the characteristics of the teacher’s students with ID that result in eligibility for special education? Ms. Clark informed that the majority of the students that go through some sort of testing do not get into a special education program. However there are reasons for that in some cases it is because the parents do not push and keep up with the appointments as well as follow through with what they need to do as far as information that may be needed to get a child into a program and doctors’ appointments, the letter’s from the doctor’s. There are all sorts of reasons and then there are specific programs that some parents would like to see their child in, but there is a waiting list or there is another program that is comparable but  the parent is reluctant. Also some parent’s may not want their child labeled as a special education student so they are in denial. And last but not lest then there are the neighborhood schools that are full and there are no exceptions to be made so that the child can stay with their siblings, this also goes into the transportation realm of the problems as well, some districts offer transportation to children but if there are siblings they cannot receive transportation so parents do not want their children separated and that is undrstandbale in most cases. Clark tells me that she feels that if one child attends the school in the special education program then the siblings should attend that school as well and they should receive transportation as well. This would probably keep down some of the confusion on the buses anyway, especially if there is an older sibling that can watch out for the younger ones. This is how we were raised the oldest always looked out for the younger ones and made sure that everyone was home safe when mom and dad got in from work. I think that we need to get back to the motto that it takes a village to raise a child and if we did then the school system and the communities would be a better place. After talking with Ms. Clark I thought about how I raised my children and she was correct when she said that it takes a village to raise a child, I was a single parent for several years and I had six children two were in the special education program at the neighborhood school. I took them to school and my mother picked them up from school. The neighbor watched them as they would enter the house and have snack a start their homework until I got home from work. I did the same for her on the weekends when she worked and she also had a child that was special needs and we made it work if the school called and I was unable to go she would go and vice versa. The point is that as parents and educators we need to work together to let our youth know that they are loved and that they are going to be taken care of not just in the schools but at home as well. References Clark, Tornetta: Intervention Specialist. 2013 Personal conversation. June 20.

Overview of Cytokinins (CK)

Overview of Cytokinins (CK) FARA SHAKEEL CYTOKININS: Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation, but also affect apical dominance, axillary bud growth, and leaf senescence. STRUCTURE OF CYTOKININS: NATURE OF CYTOKININS: Cytokinins are compounds with a structure resembling adenine which promote cell division and have other similar functions to kinetin. Kinetin was the first cytokinin discovered and so named because of the compounds ability to promote cytokinesis (cell division). Though it is a natural compound, It is not made in plants, and is therefore usually considered a synthetic cytokinin (meaning that the hormone is synthesized somewhere other than in a plant). The most common form of naturally occurring cytokinin in plants today is called zeatin which was isolated from corn (Zea mays) Cytokinins have been found in almost all higher plants as well as mosses, fungi, bacteria, and also in tRNA of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Today there are more than 200 natural and synthetic cytokinins combined. Cytokinin concentrations are highest in meristematic regions and areas of continuous growth potential such as roots, young leaves, developing fruits, and seeds (Arteca, 1996; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). HISTORY OF CYTOKININS: In 1913, Gottlieb Haberlandt discovered that a compound found in phloem had the ability to stimulate cell division (Haberlandt, 1913). In 1941, Johannes van Overbeek discovered that the milky endosperm from coconut also had this ability. He also showed that various other plant species had compounds which stimulated cell division (van Overbeek, 1941). In 1954, Jablonski and Skoog extended the work of Haberlandt showing that vascular tissues contained compounds which promote cell division (Jablonski and Skoog, 1954). The first cytokinin was isolated from herring sperm in 1955 by Miller and his associates (Miller et al., 1955). This compound was named kinetin because of its ability to promote cytokinesis. Hall and deRopp reported that kinetin could be formed from DNA degradation products in 1955 (Hall and deRopp, 1955). The first naturally occurring cytokinin was isolated from corn in 1961 by Miller (Miller, 1961). It was later called zeatin. Almost simultaneous w ith Miller Letham published a report on zeatin as a factor inducing cell division and later described its chemical properties (Letham, 1963). It is Miller and Letham that are credited with the simultaneous discovery of zeatin. Since that time, many more naturally occurring cytokinins have been isolated and the compound is ubiquitous to all plant species in one form or another (Arteca, 1996; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM: Cytokinin is generally found in higher concentrations in meristematic regions and growing tissues. They are believed to be synthesized in the roots and translocated via the xylem to shoots. Cytokinin biosynthesis happens through the biochemical modification of adenine. The process by which they are synthesized is as follows (McGaw, 1995; Salisbury and Ross, 1992): A product of the mevalonate pathway called isopentyl pyrophosphate is isomerized. This isomer can then react with adenosine monophosphate with the aid of an enzyme called isopentenyl AMP synthase. The result is isopentenyl adenosine-5-phosphate (isopentenyl AMP). This product can then be converted to isopentenyl adenosine by removal of the phosphate by a phosphatase and further converted to isopentenyl adenine by removal of the ribose group. Isopentenyl adenine can be converted to the three major forms of naturally occurring cytokinins. Other pathways or slight alterations of this one probably l ead to the other forms. Degradation of cytokinins occurs largely due to the enzyme cytokinin oxidase. This enzyme removes the side chain and releases adenine. Derivitives can also be made but the pathways are more complex and poorly understood. TRANSPORT: via xylem (transpiration stream) in peas, a signal from the leaves may signal/regulate transport of cytokinins from the roots zeatin ribosides are the main transport form; converted to the free base or glucosides in the leaves some cytokinin also moves in the phloem. Mode of action: The ratio of auxin to cytokinin plays an important role in the effect of cytokinin on plant growth. Cytokinin alone has no effect on parenchyma cells. When cultured with auxin but no cytokinin, they grow large but do not divide. When cytokinin is added, the cells expand and differentiate. When cytokinin and auxin are present in equal levels, the parenchyma cells form an undifferentiated callus. More cytokinin induces growth of shoot buds, while more auxin induces root formation. Cytokinins are involved in many plant processes, including cell division and shoot and root morphogenesis. They are known to regulate axillary bud growth and apical dominance. The direct inhibition hypothesis posits that these effects result from the cytokinin to auxin ratio. This theory states that auxin from apical buds travels down shoots to inhibit axillary bud growth. This promotes shoot growth, and restricts lateral branching. Cytokinin moves from the roots into the shoots, eventually signaling lateral bud growth. Simple experiments support this theory. When the apical bud is removed, the axillary buds are uninhibited, lateral growth increases, and plants become bushier. Applying auxin to the cut stem again inhibits lateral dominance. While cytokinin action in vascular plants is described as pleiotropic, this class of plant hormones specifically induces the transition from apical growth to growth via a three-faced apical cell in moss protonema. This bud induction can be pinpointed to differentiation of a specific single cell, and thus is a very specific effect of cytokinin. Cytokinins have been shown to slow aging of plant organs by preventing protein breakdown, activating protein synthesis, and assembling nutrients from nearby tissues. A study that regulated leaf senescence in tobacco leaves found that wild-type leaves yellowed while transgenic leaves remained mostly green. It was hypothesized that cytokinin may affect enzymes that regulate protein synthesis and degradation. CHEMISTRY: A. General adenine derivatives (amino purines) occur as: (a) the free nitrogenous base; (b) a nucleoside (base + ribose); (c) a nucleotide (base + ribose + phosphate); or (d) glycosides The free base is the active form. approximately 40 different structures known. Zeatin (Z), which was first isolated from maize (Zea mays) is the most common cytokinin. Other naturally occurring cytokinins include, dihydrozeatin (DHZ) and isopentenyladenosine (IPA). B. Synthetic cytokinins kinetin – probably byproduct of zeatin degradation there are several other substances with cytokinin activity such as benzyl adenine (benzylaminopurine; BA). C. Cytokinins and nucleic acids can occur as a modified base in tRNA, but the bases exist in the cis form, rather than the typical trans form. These modified bases that are found in all organisms from bacteria to plants to humans. The function of the tRNA cytokinins is not clear, but after hydrolysis of the tRNA the products can act as a cytokinin. The importance of the tRNA derived cytokinins in overall growth and development is not clear, either. Interestingly plants have different sets of tRNA’s with different cytokinins that participate in protein synthesis in the cytoplasm and the plastids. CYTOKININS FUNCTION: A list of some of the known physiological effects caused by cytokinins are listed below. The response will vary depending on the type of cytokinin and plant species (Davies, 1995; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992). Stimulates cell division. Stimulates morphogenesis (shoot initiation/bud formation) in tissue culture. Stimulates the growth of lateral buds-release of apical dominance. Stimulates leaf expansion resulting from cell enlargement. May enhance stomatal opening in some species. Promotes the conversion of etioplasts into chloroplasts via stimulation of chlorophyll synthesis ROLE OF CYTOKININS IN PLANTS: Cytokinins are known from cytokinin-overproducing mutants to produce additional leaves and branches on the stem. The stems and leaves produce additional chlorophyll. Wounding often produces a new branch. Leaf senescence is delayed. Apical dominance is released. Cuttings produce adventitious roots slowly and require additional auxin to reliably root. Tumors may form at nodes. The results of applied cytokinins could include release of apical dominance as you demonstrated in kidney beans in laboratory. Cytokinins regulate the cell cycle as we learned early in the semester. Cytokinins delay senescence. You carried out this project at home with isolated wheat primary leaf tips in various solutions of plant hormones. Those treated with cytokinins should have demonstrated delayed senescence (stayed green longer). Of course, remember the auxin dose responsethere is such a thing as too much of a good thing! Cytokinins cause nutrient diversion. Cytokinin-treated leaves become sinks for nutrients such as amino acids. This is shown in a classic experiment in plant physiology CYTOKININS CONJUGATION: As you can see in the diagram below, the natural cytokinin ribosides can be attached to sugars to form glycosides that have reduced or no cytokinin activity. The plant also can produce enzymes to cleave the sugar and restore full cytokinin activity. Thus conjugation with sugars and retrieval from these bound forms is a possible pathway in plant cells. However, it is also true that the ribosides themselves are a form of conjugation. All studies to date seem to indicate that the free-base has to be cleaved from the ribose too before the compound has any true activity. Plants carry out this reaction easily and rapidly, so ribosides appear to have activity on their own, but this is an artifact. Cells in culture require the cytokinin to be freethese sometimes lack the enzymes to cleave the ribose, so supplied ribosides are inactive and the free-base must be supplied in the medium. The native cytokinins also occur as modified bases in RNA and DNA strands. In fact cis-zeatin (a less active form) is found in many tRNA molecules in almost all living cells of all species! The extent to which the free cytokinin pool is altered by conjugation with other nucleotides or released from nucleotide polymers is not clear. CYTOKININS DEGRADATION: In addition to synthesis and conjugation, the pools of cytokinins can be altered by degradation. Below is how one natural cytokinin is made inactive: REFERENCES http://www.plant-hormones.info/cytokinins.htm Kieber JJ (March 2002). Tribute to Folke Skoog: Recent Advances in our Understanding of Cytokinin Biology. J. Plant Growth Regul. 21 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1007/s003440010059. PMID11981613. Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa Andrea.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven Alexander.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert Bradley (2008). Biology (8th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson, Benjamin Cummings. pp.827–30. Chen CM, Ertl JR, Leisner SM, Chang CC (July 1985). GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY,LAHOREPage 1

A Midsummer Nights Dream, Much Ado About Nothing, and Measure for Measure :: comparison compare contrast essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare's comedies A Midsummers Night's Dream and Much Ado About Nothing have many parallels while Measure for Measure is a problem play with a completely different tone.   Comparing and contrasting these three plays provides insights into the views of Shakespeare concerning comedy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Midsummer Night's Dream is a festive comedy.   The play takes place in June and this is a bewitched time.   In the spring the custom is to celebrate the return of fertility to the earth.   During   this time the young people spend the night in the woods to celebrate.   Shakespeare uses the greenworld pattern in this play.   The play begins in the city, moves out to the country and then back to the city.   Being in the country makes things better because there is tranquility, freedom and people can become uncivilized versus when they are in the city and have to follow customs and laws and behave rationally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Comedies contain blocking figures and in this play it is Egeus.   If he was not in the way, Hermia could marry Lysander.   Since he is causing problems in his daughters life by trying to make her marry Demetrius, this begins the journey into the woods.   Egeus threatened Hermia with death if she were to marry Lysander so she thinks the only way they can be together is to run away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One strange element is why Egeus was so set on Hermia marrying Demetrius.   Lysander came from as good a family as Demetrius.   Both were well possessed with property and money so Egeus's power is made to seem senseless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The play moves into the woods which is haunted by fairies who are there to bless the wedding of Theseus and Hippolyta.   The quarreling between Oberon and Titania over the changeling boy leads to the king wanting to embarrass Titania with the love juice by making her fall in love with a monster.   The first person she sees is Bottom and she falls violently in love with him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oberon is making a spectacle of Titania and Bottom.  Ã‚   It is ridiculous that she is in love with him because he is from such a lower class than her, he is human and she is a fairy, and he has the head of an ass.   She is also a queen and he is an uneducated working man and a match like this would never happen.   Bottom has such a problem with language.

A More Perfect Union: Japanese Americans and the U.S. Constitution Essa

A More Perfect Union: Japanese Americans and the U.S. Constitution Introduction Located on the third floor of the National Museum of American History, "A More Perfect Union" documents the forced relocation of thousands of Japanese Americans during World War II. The exhibit focuses on the violation of constitutional rights that occurred during this process. The purposes of this review are as follows: describe the scope, purpose, and message of the exhibit, analyze how that message is organized and communicated, evaluate the effectiveness of the exhibit, and interpret the exhibit as a cultural artifact. Description During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many Japanese immigrated to the United States and started new lives on the West Coast or Hawaii. The majority of these people, as well as their children, held U.S. citizenship; however, due to the racial prejudice and distrust of World War II these Japanese Americans were denied their rights guaranteed in the Constitution. This statement is the overall message of "A More Perfect Union." "A More Perfect Union" begins with the image of the Constitution portrayed on a large wall. Nearby, the Bill of Rights is shown and explained. The privileges guaranteed by these documents are fully developed through prose and quotations. The freedoms associated with U.S. citizenship are all clear in the minds of the museum goers as they proceed to the next section. The second section of the exhibit contains information on the immigration and assimilation of the Japanese into the culture of the West Coast and Hawaii. This area shows how the first generation of immigrants, or issei, traveled over the Pacific to an entirely new nation and society. Many soon became citize... ...on. She felt the message of the exhibit was "to apologize for the Americans who acted out of hysteria in imprisoning a multitude of fellow citizens who were completely innocent." A large portion of her review is devoted to expanding this apology concept. In my opinion, the purpose of the exhibit should be to educate, not to ask forgiveness. Conclusion I feel that "A More Perfect Union" did an excellent job of telling the true story of the Japanese internment. It also was successful in celebrating the achievements of the Japanese American people. The only flaws I found in the exhibit were the unnecessary emphasis on Japanese American soldiers and the praising of the American people and their use of the Constitution. All other aspects of the exhibit, especially the artifacts and audio-visual displays, were suitably used to tell the story of the Japanese relocation.

Red Badge Of Courage Essay -- essays research papers

The Red Badge Of Courage The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane outlines the effects of war on a Union soldier, Henry Fleming, from his dreams of being a soldier, to his enlistment, and through several battles of the Civil War. Henry Fleming was not happy with his boring life on the farm. He wanted to become a hero in war and have girls loving him for his big achievements in battle. He knew his mother would not like to see him go to war, but it was his decision to make. He dreamed of the exiting battles of war and the thrill of fighting magnificent battles. He didn't want to stay on the farm with nothing to do, so he made the final decision to enlist. After enlisting he finds himself just sitting around with nothing to do. He manages to make friends with two other soldiers, John Wilson and Jim Conklin. Wilson was as exited about going to war like Henry, while Jim was positive about the success of the new regiment. Henry started to realize after a few days of marching, that their regiment was just wandering pointlessly, and going in circles. They kept marching on without fighting. During time Henry started to think about the battles in a different way, he started to become afraid that he might run from battle when duty calls. When the regiment finally learns of a battle taking place, Jim gives Henry a little packet in a yellow envelope, telling Henry that this will be his first and last battle. The regiment managed to hold off the rebels for the first charge, but then ...

Adult social care settings Essay

1.1 Define Person centred values. Person centred values means the people whom we support are treated as equals and are involved in all aspects and areas of their care and that they are respected and valued as individuals. This means being involved in their assessments, care delivery and support planning, basically person centred values is making sure all approaches, policies and procedures and care practices put the residents at the centre of the day-to-day activities. It should also include the residents and their families in the planning and maintaining of this. 1.2 Explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person centred values. The underlying purpose of person centred values is to ensure that the individual needing care is put at the very centre of the decision making progress about their life and the services and support they want, need and require. Person centred values is about putting an individuals needs and choices first, respecting their privacy and dignity and giving that individual as much independence as possible. under this strict system, the person is always placed at the very centre of the planning of the care programme required, in that he or she will always be consulted and that his or her views will always come first. Therefore the plan is tailor-made to that particular person, and it should include all aspects of care, from the Social and Health Services, from that individual’s family and from the voluntary sector. Outcome 2 Understand how to implement a person centred approach in an adult social care setting. 2.1 Describe how to find out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual. By working in a way that puts an individual we are supporting at the centre of any planning and communicating with them we can find out information about their history, preferences and wishes. By using this approach we aim to see the person as an individual, rather than focusing on their illness or on abilities they may have. We can also include asking their family, friends, carers, other professionals including, GPS, nurses, social workers and also by looking at documents, such as pictures, letters, etc†¦ 2.2 Describe how to take into account the history, preferences, wishes and needs of an individual when planning care and support. When planning individual support it is necessary to record day-to-day preferences and requirements of the individuals care and support, we can do this by addressing individuals needs and preferences in a care plan, this holds all information about the individual you are supporting, their likes and dislikes, their hobbies, family information and their health as it changes. You can find out in a care plan if an individual likes reading in the afternoon or dancing to Elvis, and you can plan their daily activities around this, it is a way you can ensure the environment promotes well-being for your individual you are supporting. Having a holistic approach to meeting the needs and preferences of each individual is also a key skill. Things can change however depending on how that individual is feeling, say for example they feel physically sick and tired, they are not going to want to get out of bed, get washed, get dressed and sit in a room full of people all day, they are a lot more likely to want to lye in bed all day and that is fine as long as all their needs have been met and you explain what this choice will mean. 2.3 Explain how using and individuals care plan contributes to working in a person centred way. Plans for how people want their support to be delivered are a vital part of  person-centred working. People should be in centre of their plans and the planning process is a key way of ensuring that are at the centre of any support provided Care support plans are now developed by the person themselves, sometimes with support from family and friends. Plans are then agreed by the social worker or the manager. The development of a support plan is the perfect example of how person-centred working operates. Instead offering people a choice of what is currently available and finding what best fits their needs, person-centred working looks at someone’s needs and built the support package around them. One of the important aspects of person-centred planning is to look at what people are able to do for themselves and to ensure that services are not taking over aspects of a person’s life that they could perfectly well manage without support. Outcome 3 Understand the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support. 3.1 Define the word ‘consent’ Consent is the informed agreement to an action and/or decision. Permission for something to happen or agreement to do something. 3.2 Explain the importance of gaining consent when providing care or support. When working with an individual it is important to uphold their rights to be fully involved in their own care, whilst adhering to legal requirements. It is also the individuals right to refuse any care, support or treatment they do not want. It is also essential that people not only give you their consent but also that they understand what they are consenting to and the implications of this. Gaining consent protects not just the career but the individual receiving the care and support as-well. If no consent is given then you cannot proceed with the care. It is illegal to pressure anyone into something they do not want to do. 3.3 Describe how to establish consent for an activity or action. Consent can be implied, verbal, informed or written. Good communication skills and active listening plays a key role when gaining consent, by listening and treating an individual with respect you gain their trust and this is a way of gaining consent. By openly talking to the individuals in your care and being honest with them they are more likely to trust you. 3.4 Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be established. If consent cannot be established then you have a legal requirement to act in the best interest of the individual, to work towards solving conflict, with the use of extra support of advocates if necessary and where need to contact the person with whom has legal responsibility. All this must be recorded. Outcome 4 Understand how to encourage active participation. 4.1 Define what is meant by active participation. Active participation is an approach that recognizes all individuals rights and needs to participate in activities and relationships of everyday life as independently as possible, making sure the individual is actively part of their own care or support rather then a passive recipient. 4.2 Describe how active participation benefits an individual. Active participation empowers and encourages and individual to participate in their own care, it gives them the chance to be included in their care and have a greater say in how they live their lives. Active participation has many positive benefits such as: Physical benefits including greater activity levels. Increased independence and autonomy in what people do. An opportunity for individuals in health and social care settings to have a say in matters of direct concern to their lives. Increased opportunities for social contact and interpersonal relationships. Encouraging involvement and self-awareness. Enhanced well-being, with increases in self-confidence, self-esteem and self-belief. Active participation enhance an individual and helps to strengthening them physically, psychologically and their all over well-being. 4.3 Describe ways of reducing barriers to active participation. There are many ways of reducing barriers to active participation, organising and providing opportunity’s for involvement in social activities, Treating all individuals equally whilst still recognizing that everyone has differences and everyone is unique, A main way of reducing barriers is to introduce different ways of communication, such as Makaton, Sign language, Braille and also just by talking nice a clear and taking the time to listen to the individual in your care. 4.4 Describe ways of encouraging active participation. To encourage active participation you first should explain the benefits of participation and how it will motivate, encourage and support an individual. We can also involve family and friends to make experiences more meaningful and to be able to discuss with family and friends that activities cater to the needs and ability’s of an individual. Encouraging active participation is all about making that individual under your care feel good about themselves through, praise, compliments, patience and constructive feedback. Its all about making that individual feel comfortable, helping them feel as if their home, helping to improve their fitness, and helping to develop their social skills. Outcome 5 Understand how to support an individuals right to make choices. 5.1 Identify ways of supporting an individual to make informed choices. Informed choice is a voluntary, well-considered decision that an individual  makes on the basis of options, information, and understanding. To offer informed choices in a care setting staff need to empower their clients offer them up-to-date information and knowledge encourage independence 5.2 Explain why risk taking can be part of an individuals choices. We all take risks in life, its a way we grow and learn about ourselves and our limitations. Taking risks can empower us and teach us consequences, it is part of an individuals choice to take risks as long as those risks do not hurt others. To take a risk is an individuals choice the decision they make will result in some sort of consequence, negative or positive but it is down to the individual to make that choice. If the individual has the mental capacity to make an informed choice then they should be allowed to explore those risks. A person centred approach seeks to focus on people’s rights to have the lifestyle that they chose, including the right to make ‘bad’ decisions. You have to try and use person centred thinking tools, to help people and those who care about them most to think in a positive and productive way about how to ensure that they can achieve the changes they want to see while keeping the issue of risk in its place. 5.3 Explain how agreed risk assessment processes are used to support the right to make choices. Each individual in adult care should have a formal risk assessment carried out as part of their care plan. Risk assessments should contain information about the individual and the type of care and support they need. It will provide the most appropriate options for keeping the individual and anyone else involved as safe as possible. It will also tell you how to do some tasks where these tasks have been risk assessed and the best option has been established. Using a person-centred approach helps professionals involved in assessing risk to address significant issues of health and safety whilst supporting choice by also taking into account things that are important to people. A person centred approach can be one of the best ways to: Consider taking a particular risk or risks Establish and improve capacity to make decisions Make a best interest decision 5.4 Explain why a workers personal views should not influence an individuals choices. Every person in the world has the right to make his or her own decisions as long as it doesn’t involve another individual getting hurt. When an individual in your care makes a decision which you feel is risky, you need to make the individual aware of any consequences of their decision, however you mustn’t try to influence them with you own views, thoughts and feeling. The choice is the individuals not yours, they need to make their own decisions in order to feel in control of their lives, this leads to positive thinking, motivation, and positive feelings towards, dignity, pride and satisfaction. 5.5 Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that are made by others. Family and friends sometimes make decisions on behalf of an individual in care, these decision can be about the type of care or support they are receiving or the life style they are leading, but these decisions are not always discussed with the individual in question, and they may no be happy or comfortable with the outcome. It is essential that you obtain and understand the facts and reason these decisions were made so you make sure the individual has a clear understanding. If the individual remains sure that he/she is not happy with the decision, once he/she has this information, you can work with the individual to support them to challenge the decision. Any changes that are made to these decisions must be noted and reported and they must be made safe for yourself, the individual and anyone else involved. You should never make changes to a care plan or anything smiler without the proper training or discussing it first with you supervisor or line manager. 6.1 Explain how individual identity and self esteem are linked with well being Everyone has the right to identify themselves however they want, everyone has there own thoughts and beliefs and they shouldn’t be made to feel bad or have there self esteem lowered because someone doesn’t believe or think the same ways as someone else. Maintaining someone’s identity is done by always recognising that person as an individual, recognising that everyone has there own thoughts, feelings, beliefs, wishes and views and that makes them unique. You must always try to deal with views and choices of another person in a positive and caring manner, all this will contribute to their sense of well-being. 6.2 Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individuals well-being. By always ensuring that the individual is treated in a professional, kind, caring and courteous way, their sense of well-being is always assured. Care workers can also make sure that they use a number of different approaches empowering approaches that enable the individual to take control, a positive approach that encourages the individual to feel good, working in a trusting and professional way enables a good relationship to build between the care worker and individual promoting a sense of well-being. 6.3 Identify ways to contribute to an environment that promotes well-being. There are many ways to contribute to an environment that promotes well-being, the individual in your care needs to feel safe, secure and at home in a welcoming environment that makes them feel comfortable, the best way to do this is for the individual to have their personal belongings around them, things that matter and make them feel good; Photos, Ornaments, Books, Pieces of furniture An environment that is easy for them to get around in, that is adapted for their needs/abilities, set out in a way of their choosing e.g their bedroom is personal to them, furniture placed in the way they have chosen, they’re decision on how it’s laid out, their decision on how it is decorated, it is their home and it should be made to feel welcoming, open and comfortable. Adult social care settings Essay Outcome 1 1.1 People communicate to understand their needs, to have a conversation, to express feelings, needs, to build relationships and trust. They communicate to share information and opinions, to ask questions and get answers. 1.2 Communication between staff effects service provision, understanding each other, team work and dignity in care. If communication is not effective, it can affect again residents-we can do harm to them, it can affect their health and well-being. Communication with staff is essential for passing information from one person to another. Information can be passed from carer worker to carer worker via verbal communication or written documents from care plans and daily reports, to fire books. Written communication has to be effective as it provides an on-going picture of a certain person, situation. Effective communication between staff is essential for care to be professional. Without effective communication care needs of the clients may go unnoticed leading to medical problems, abuse, depression etc. Communication with residents is most important in care job. That’s the way how you can easier understand they needs, requirements. It can affect service that carer provide to reside nts-more effective communication, better service to residents; with effective communication carer is building trust between residents and staff that helps in future work with them. 1.3 The care worker should always observe an individual’s reactions to see whether person fully understands what you have said to them. If the resident for example looks confused then the carer must then adapt their communication and ask again the question or other. In this way communication will be effective. It is also important to observe an individual’s reactions so as to spot anything that may be worrying them or upsetting them; the carer must to change their approach – this may be noticed through the resident change in facial expression or body language. If resident cannot verbalise what they want or prefer, then observing their reactions staff can make a decision about resident needs. Outcome 2 2.1 It makes more effective communication, more understand what other person trying to say. More understand they culture, religious believes. To be involved in their daily life. To avoid the individual feeling excluded, becoming distressed, frustrated or frightened. 2.2 Is verbal and non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is all without making noises, sounds. It can be writing, showing pictures with food choice, walk in park, toilette need. Can be even facial expressions, eye contact, body language, gestures or touch to get attention, physical gestures, behaviour. Verbal communication is vocabulary and tone in what person like to talk, involved in conversation. Outcome 3 3.1 Communication barriers can be place where person is, people around, noisy environment, values, culture, beliefs, his wishes and needs. Reason can be even lighting, how close you stand to that person or language barrier. 3.2 Communication barriers can reduce if you take the person to another room. Can try to turn lower music volume on television or radio. Try to talk with person in more private place, ask about his needs. Another way how we can reduce the impact of this barrier is by using a translator when you or resident do not understand what you both are saying because of a language barrier. Finally this would work because by using a translator you will not be offending people who speak a different language. Communication barrier can be because of different cultures and they include different cultures using different words or signs which may not be accepted in other cultures. One example of a mechanism which can be used to reduce the impact of this barrier to communication is by respecting other people’s beliefs and social habits. 3.3 To be sure that person understand me I can see it by his facial expressions, body language or his action on what I said. Ask if the person understand me, rephrasing. Some person need more time for get right answer or you should repeat a question, sentence. 3.4 It can be more enable: Colleague – staff member who knows resident issues, needs, wishes, more  about his culture, values, beliefs. Speech therapist – can tell who has had a stroke. GP – is person who know more about resident general health problems, how staff can make that person more relax and comfortable. Family – can tell more about carrier person daily life, person food choice, needs. Psychotherapist – can advise on exercise for people at all stages of dementia. They can also give advice carers on safe ways of helping someone to move. Dentist – can be used if the individual has dentures which are to loose and move when speaking. Outcome 4 4.1 Confidentiality means keeping residents information private and safe and passing information to only those who have rights to it. Confidentiality means also not passing information outside care house, keeping information safe and private. 4.2 Confidentiality you can maintain with not passing information outside of work or to other resident visitors. Be professional and don’t talk about residents in public places when you have a meal with work colleagues or in public transport on a way home. Don’t leave a written personal records lying around. You need to put them in safe place, where access is just for staff members. Health records are confidential. They should be shared only on a need-to-know basis. Carrier can give access to resident relevant information to those who have rights to know it. 4.3 Can share confidential information when the person is being placed in danger, harmed or abused. You can share information with other staff members in situation if for example resident is telling you he feels in danger of other resident or staff member and ask you not to tell anyone. It is situation where you need to explain person that you can’t keep information, because you want him to be in safety and need to help him by acting straight away. Can share when a criminal act has taken place. However, even, where it is clearly beneficial to share information for direct care, rules about confidentiality and privacy still apply. That means that only those who have a clear need to know should have access to the relevant confidential information. 4.4 Can seek advice about confidentiality if speaking with manager or with the organisation’s confidentiality policy. If someone is calling by phone and asking some information about any of residents and you are not sure who it is you can always ask him to speak with manager or just  take persons phone number and tell him that manager will call him back. The Data Protection Act is a law that applies to all social services and health records. It means that any information about resident should be kept accurately and securely, and there should be measures restricting who can see it. There are circumstances when an authority may have the right to break the rules about confidentiality. This is normally in extreme situations.